### 10.6 Alias analysis

Alias analysis proceeds in 4 main phases:

1. Structural alias analysis.

   This phase walks the types for structure variables, and determines which of the fields can overlap using offset and size of each field. For each field, a “subvariable” called a “Structure field tag” (SFT) is created, which represents that field as a separate variable. All accesses that could possibly overlap with a given field will have virtual operands for the SFT of that field.

                 struct foo
                 {
                   int a;
                   int b;
                 }
                 struct foo temp;
                 int bar (void)
                 {
                   int tmp1, tmp2, tmp3;
                   SFT.0_2 = V_MUST_DEF <SFT.0_1>
                   temp.a = 5;
                   SFT.1_4 = V_MUST_DEF <SFT.1_3>
                   temp.b = 6;

                   VUSE <SFT.1_4>
                   tmp1_5 = temp.b;
                   VUSE <SFT.0_2>
                   tmp2_6 = temp.a;

                   tmp3_7 = tmp1_5 + tmp2_6;
                   return tmp3_7;
                 }

   If you copy the symbol tag for a variable for some reason, you probably also want to copy the subvariables for that variable.

2. Points-to and escape analysis.

   This phase walks the use-def chains in the SSA web looking for three things:

   - Assignments of the form `P_i = &VAR`
   - Assignments of the form P_i = malloc()
   - Pointers and ADDR_EXPR that escape the current function.

   The concept of `escaping' is the same one used in the Java world. When a pointer or an ADDR_EXPR escapes, it means that it has been exposed outside of the current function. So, assignment to global variables, function arguments and returning a pointer are all escape sites.

   This is where we are currently limited. Since not everything is renamed into SSA, we lose track of escape properties when a pointer is stashed inside a field in a structure, for instance. In those cases, we are assuming that the pointer does escape.

   We use escape analysis to determine whether a variable is call-clobbered. Simply put, if an ADDR_EXPR escapes, then the variable is call-clobbered. If a pointer P_i escapes, then all the variables pointed-to by P_i (and its memory tag) also escape.

3. Compute flow-sensitive aliases

   We have two classes of memory tags. Memory tags associated with the pointed-to data type of the pointers in the program. These tags are called “symbol memory tag” (SMT). The other class are those associated with SSA_NAMEs, called “name memory tag” (NMT). The basic idea is that when adding operands for an INDIRECT_REF *P_i, we will first check whether P_i has a name tag, if it does we use it, because that will have more precise aliasing information. Otherwise, we use the standard symbol tag.

   In this phase, we go through all the pointers we found in points-to analysis and create alias sets for the name memory tags associated with each pointer P_i. If P_i escapes, we mark call-clobbered the variables it points to and its tag.

4. Compute flow-insensitive aliases

   This pass will compare the alias set of every symbol memory tag and every addressable variable found in the program. Given a symbol memory tag SMT and an addressable variable V. If the alias sets of SMT and V conflict (as computed by may_alias_p), then V is marked as an alias tag and added to the alias set of SMT.

For instance, consider the following function:

         foo (int i)
         {
           int *p, *q, a, b;

           if (i > 10)
             p = &a;
           else
             q = &b;

           *p = 3;
           *q = 5;
           a = b + 2;
           return *p;
         }

After aliasing analysis has finished, the symbol memory tag for pointer `p` will have two aliases, namely variables `a` and `b`. Every time pointer `p` is dereferenced, we want to mark the operation as a potential reference to `a` and `b`.

         foo (int i)
         {
           int *p, a, b;

           if (i_2 > 10)
             p_4 = &a;
           else
             p_6 = &b;
           # p_1 = PHI <p_4(1), p_6(2)>;

           # a_7 = V_MAY_DEF <a_3>;
           # b_8 = V_MAY_DEF <b_5>;
           *p_1 = 3;

           # a_9 = V_MAY_DEF <a_7>
           # VUSE <b_8>
           a_9 = b_8 + 2;

           # VUSE <a_9>;
           # VUSE <b_8>;
           return *p_1;
         }

In certain cases, the list of may aliases for a pointer may grow too large. This may cause an explosion in the number of virtual operands inserted in the code. Resulting in increased memory consumption and compilation time.

When the number of virtual operands needed to represent aliased loads and stores grows too large (configurable with `--param max-aliased-vops`), alias sets are grouped to avoid severe compile-time slow downs and memory consumption. The alias grouping heuristic proceeds as follows:

1. Sort the list of pointers in decreasing number of contributed virtual operands.
2. Take the first pointer from the list and reverse the role of the memory tag and its aliases. Usually, whenever an aliased variable Vi is found to alias with a memory tag T, we add Vi to the may-aliases set for T. Meaning that after alias analysis, we will have:

                 may-aliases(T) = { V1, V2, V3, ..., Vn }

   This means that every statement that references T, will get `n` virtual operands for each of the Vi tags. But, when alias grouping is enabled, we make T an alias tag and add it to the alias set of all the Vi variables:

                 may-aliases(V1) = { T }
                 may-aliases(V2) = { T }
                 ...
                 may-aliases(Vn) = { T }

   This has two effects: (a) statements referencing T will only get a single virtual operand, and, (b) all the variables Vi will now appear to alias each other. So, we lose alias precision to improve compile time. But, in theory, a program with such a high level of aliasing should not be very optimizable in the first place.

3. Since variables may be in the alias set of more than one memory tag, the grouping done in step (2) needs to be extended to all the memory tags that have a non-empty intersection with the may-aliases set of tag T. For instance, if we originally had these may-aliases sets:

                 may-aliases(T) = { V1, V2, V3 }
                 may-aliases(R) = { V2, V4 }

   In step (2) we would have reverted the aliases for T as:

                 may-aliases(V1) = { T }
                 may-aliases(V2) = { T }
                 may-aliases(V3) = { T }

   But note that now V2 is no longer aliased with R. We could add R to may-aliases(V2), but we are in the process of grouping aliases to reduce virtual operands so what we do is add V4 to the grouping to obtain:

                 may-aliases(V1) = { T }
                 may-aliases(V2) = { T }
                 may-aliases(V3) = { T }
                 may-aliases(V4) = { T }

4. If the total number of virtual operands due to aliasing is still above the threshold set by max-alias-vops, go back to (2).